The Tribe of Ishmael: Diagram, Accompanying Paper Read Before the National Conference of ...

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The Tribe of Ishmael

a Stubi? in Social Degrabation*

£y ®5cat C* AcCuUocb*

• • • •

• • • •

REPRINTED FROM PROCEEDINGS
OF THE FIFTEENTH NATIONAL,
CONFERENCE OF CHARITIES AND
CORRECTION, HELD AT BUFFAI^O,
JULY, 1888.

• • • •
• • • •

foixvtb iBMtlon. December, 1891.

• • • •

• • • •

CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY.
INDIANAPOLIS.

r' LIBRARY ^

or jHf.

LEUND STANFORD JUNIOR

,, UNIVERSITY. ,

Charity ©rganisation Society?.

The following paper was read at the Fifteenth National Conferena
□f CharitiES and CorrECtaon, held at Buffalo, Jaly, i8S8.

It WBE illustrated h; a diagram containing 1,720 names, showintf
the ramilicatioas and inter-relations of the families described. This
diagTam, about 3 x 12 feet, was too large to reproduce and bind is
the proceedings of the Conference, It has since been (educed b
29 X 66 inches, and can be had on application to tile Cbsritj Organize
tion Society, Indianapolis. Price, 50 cents.
Yours very truly,

JAMES SMITH.

Giiieral Secretary.

J

[he ^Tribe of Ishmael:

H Stu&^ in Social S)co^a^ation.
36^ ©9cav il. flDcCullocb.

The studies of Ray Laukaster into " Degeneration "

are not only interesting to the student of physical science,
but suggestive to the student of social science.

He takes a minute organism which is found attached
to the body of the hermit crab. It has a kidney-bean-
shaped body, with a bunch of root-like processes through
which it sucks the living tissues of the crab. It is known
aa the Sacculina. It is a crustacean which has left the
free, independent life common to its family, and ia living
as a pariaite, or pauper. The young have the Naupliua
form belonging to all Crustacea : it is a free swimmer.
But very soon after birth a change comes over it. It
attaches itself to the crab, loses the characteristics of the
higher class, and becomes degraded in form and function.
An irresistible herWitary tendency siezes upon it, and it
succumbs. A hereditary tendency I say, liecause some
remote ancestor left its independent, self-helpful life, and
begau a parasitic, or pauper, life. Not using its organs
for self-help, they one by one have disappeared, — legs
and other members, — until there is left a shapeless mass,
with only the stomach and organs of reproduction left.
This tendency to parasitism was transmitted to its de-
scendants, until there is set up an irresistible hereditary
■ taidency; and the SacculiaS "stands in nature as a type
f degradation through para^itittm, or pauperism.

I

/ I propose to trace the bistory of similar degradatios
/ iu man. It is mi pleasant Ptiidy, but it may be relied
upuu as fact. It is no isolated case. It is uol peculiar
to Indiana. In all probability, similar study would show
similar results iu any of our States. It r esemb les the
study of Dr. Dugdale into the Jukes, and q-as suggested
by that. It extends, however, ovpr a larger field, com-
I prising over two hundred and fifty known families, thirty
I of which have been taken out aa typical cases, and dia-
gramed here. The uame, " the tribe of Ii^hmael," is
given because that is the name of the central, the oldest,
and the most widely ramified family.

In the late fall of 1877, I visited a case of extreme
destitution. There were gathered in one room, without
fire, au old blind woman, a man, his wife and oue child,
his sister and two children. A half-bed was all the fur-
uishlug. So chair, table, or cooking utensil.s, I pro-
vided tor their immediate wants, and then looked into
the records of the township trustee. I found that I had
toucheil a Jamily known as the Ishmaels, which bid a
pauper history of several generations, and so inter-
married with others as to form a pauper ganglion of
several huudreds, ,^At the Conference at Cleveland, I
reported this case. The investigations have since been
extended. Year by year the reiiird has ijrown. His-
torical data of two hundred and fifty families have been
gathered, and on the accompanying diagram thirty {
Rtmilies are traced. This diagram is prepared by Mrs.
Kate F. Parker, registrar of the Charity Organization
Society, and Mr. Frank Wright, detailed by the county
commissioners to assist iu the pn>secution of this investi-
gation. The number of families here studied is thirtv.
Of these, only two art' known before 1840. They are
found here at that time.

The central family — that which gives its name to the

I tribe of Ishmael^first appears In ludianapolls aboirt
184l>. The original family stem, of which we have seaol
records as fiir t^ck as 1790, is then in Kentucky, having
eoriic from Maryland, through Pennsylvania. Ben
Ishmael had eight chddren, — five sous and three

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(laiigbters. Some of the descfmlauta arc now living in
Kentuclty, and are prosperous, well-regarded citizens.
One son named John married a half-breed woman, and
came into Marion county, Indiana, about 1840, He
was diseased, and couhl go no further. He had seven
children, of whom two were iuft in Kentucky, one is lost
sight of, and one remained unmarried. The remaining
three sons married tliree sisters from a pauper family
named Smith. These bad children, of whom fourteen
lived; and thirteen raised families, having sixty chil-
dren, of whom thirty are now living in the fifth genera-
tion.

Since 1 840, this family has had a pauper record. They
have been in the almshouse, the House of Refuge,
the Woman's Reformatory, the penitentiaries, and have
received continuous aid from the township. They are
intermarried with the other members of this group, as
you may see by the marriage lines, and with over two
hundred other families. Hu this femily history are
murders, a large number of illegitimacies and of prosti-
tutes.^ They are general ly disea sed. The children die
yonng. y^bey live l)y petty stealing, begging, ash- \
gathering. In summer they " gypsy," or travel in
wagons east or west. We hear of them in Illinoiaabout
Decatur, and in Ohio about Colnmbns. In the fall they
return. They have been known to live in hollow trees
on the river-bottoms or in empty houses. Strangely
enough they are not intemperate to excess.

In this sketch, three things will be evident: First,,
the wandering blood from the half-breed mother, in the 1
second generation the poison and the passion that prob- i
ably came with her. Second, the licentiousness which
characterizes all the men and women, and the diseased \l)
and physically weakened condition. From this result f
mental weakness, general incapacity, and unfitness for |
hard work. And, third, this condition is met by the
benevolent public with almost unlimited public and ]
private aid, thus encouraging them in this idle, wander- >
iijg lifc,-Bnd in thf propagation of similarly disposed
fliMd'-n,

..^

A neoimd typical ease is that of the Owens family, also
from Kentucky. There were originally four ehildren,
of whom two hftve been traced, William and Brook.
William had three children, who raised pauper families.

One son of the third generation died in the peniten-
tiary ; his two S0D8 in the fourth generation have been in
the penitentiary ; a daughter in the fourth generation
wasft prostitute, with two illegitimate ehildren, _ Another
son 01 the third generation had a penitentiary record,
and died of the delirium trenienaand wentto the medical
college. There have been several murders; a continu-
ous pauper and eriminal record. An illegitimate half-
1 breed Canadian woman enters this family. There is
much prostitution, but little intemperance.

Brook had a son John, who was a Presbyterian min-
ister. He raised a family of fourteen illegitimate chil-
dren. Ten of these came to Indiana, and their pauper
record begins about 1850. Of the ten, three raised il-
legitimate families in the fourth generation ; and, of
these, two daughters and a son have illegitimate chil- '
dren in the fifth generation,

I take these two cases as typical. I could have taken
any other one of the thirty; or, indeed, I could have
worked out a diagram of two hundred and fifty families
as minutely as these.

Returning now to the record, let me call your atten-
tion to the following: We start at some unknown dat*
with thirty families. These came mostly from Kentucky,
Tennessee, and North Carolina. Of the first generation,
— of sixty-two individuals, — we know certainly of only
three. In the second generation, we have the history of
eighty-four. In the third generation, we have the his-
tory of two hundred and eighty-three. In the fourth
generation, — 1840-1860, — we have the history of six
hundred and forty-four. In the fifth generation, — 18*>0-
1880, — we have the history of six hundred and seventy-
nine. In the sixth generation, — 1880-1890, — we have
the history of fifty-seven. Here is a total of 1,750
individuals. Before the fourth generatioo, — from 1840
to 1860, — we have but scant records. Our more com--

plete data begin witb the ioiirth generation, and the
following are valuable. We know of one hundred and |
twenty-one prostitutes. The criminal record is very |
large, — petty thieving, larcenies chiefly. There have |
been a number of murders. The first murder com-
mitted in the city was in this family. A long and
celebrated murder case, kuowu as the " Clem " murder, j
costing the State immense amounts of money, is located
here. Nearly every crime of any note belongs here.
Between 1868 and 1888 not less than five thousand
dollars has been paid for " passing" these people from
place to place, each township officer trying to throw oft
responsibility. The records of the city hospital show
that — taking out surgical cases, acute general diseases,
and cases outside the city — seventv-five per cent of the
cases treated are from this class. The number of illegit-
imacies is very great. The Board of Health reports
that an estimate of still-born children found in sinks,
etc., would not be less than six per week. Deaths are
frequent, and chiefly among children. The suflerlng of
the children must be great. The people have no occu-
pation. They gather ewill or ashes ; the women beg,
and send the children around to beg; they make their
eyes sore with vitriol. In my own experience, I have
seen three generations of beggars among them. I have
not time here to go into details, some loathsome, all
pitiful, I was witb a great- gran dm other on her death-
bed. She had been taken sick on the annual gypsying;
deserted at a little town because sick; shipped into the
city ; sent to the county asylum ; at last brought to the
miserable home to die. One evening I was called to
marry a couple, I found them in one small room, with
two beds. In all, eleven people lived in it. The bride
was dressing, the groom washing. Another member of
the family filled a coal-oil lamp while burning. The
groom offered to baid ashes for the fee. T made a
present to the bride. Soon after, I asked one of the
femily how they were getting on, "Oh, Elisha don't
live with her any more." "Why?" "Her other
husband came back, and she went to him. That made

Elisha mad, and lie left licr," Elislia died in the jwst-
bouse. A mother and two girls, present that night,
were killed by the cars.

All these are grim facts; but they are facts, and caa
be verified. More : they are but ibirty famlies out of a
possible two hundred and fifty. The individuals already
traced are over five thousand, interwoven by descent and
marriage. They underrun society like devil-grass.
Pick up one, and the whole five thousand will be drawn
up. Over seven thousand pages of history are now on
file in the Charity Organization Society,
y- A few deductions from these data are offered for your
eonaideration. First, this is a study into social degen-
eration, or degnBdation which is similar to that sketched
by Dr. Lanb^tcr. As in the lower orders, so in
society we have parasitism, or social degradation. There
is reason to believe that some of this comes from the old.
convict stock which England threw into this country in-
the seventeenth century. We find the wandering tend-
ency so marked in the case of the " Cracker " and the.
" Pike " here. " Movin' on." There is scarcely a day^
that the wagons are not to be seen on our streets ; cut
dogs ; tow-headed children. They camp outside the city,
and then beg. Two families, as I write, have come by,
moving from north to south, and from east to west.
" HuDting work "; and yet we can give work to a thous-
sand men on our gas trenches.

Next, note the_ general uuchastity that characterizes
this_£lasB. TEe prostitution and illegitimacy are large,
tEe^ tendency shows itself in incests, and relations lower
than the animals go. This is due to the deprava-
tiou of nature, to crowded conditions, to absence of
decencies and cleanliness. It is an animal reversion,
which can be paralleled in lower animals. This physi-
cal depravity is followed by physical weakness. Out
of this come the frequent deaths, the still-born children,
and the general incapacity to endure hard work or bad
climate. They can not work hard, and break down
early. They then appear in the county asylum, the city
hospital, and the township trustee's office.

heredit y. Each child tends I
to the same life, reverts when taken out. I

And, lastly, no te the iuflue ace of the great factor.!
public relief. Since 1840, relief has been given tolEemV
At- that'hme we find that "old E. Huggins" applied to
have his wife Barthenia sent to the poor house. A pre-
mium was then paid for idleness and wandering. The
amount paid by the township for public relief varies,
rising as high as $90,000 in 1876, sinking in 1878 to
$7,000, and ranging with the different trustees from
$7,000 to $22,000 per year. Of this amount, fully three-
fourths has gone to this class. Public relief, then, is ki
chargeable in a large degree with the perpetuation of [/
this stock. The township trustee is practically un-
limited in his powers. He can give as much as he sees
fit. As the office is a political one, about the time of |
nomination and election the amounts increase largely. I
The political bosses favor this, and use it, — now in the i
intepests of the Republican, now of the Democratic j
party. It thus becomes a corraption fund of the worst I
kind.

What the township trustee fails to do, private beuevo-./
lence supplements. The so-called charitable people who jf
give to begging children and women with baskets haveil.
a vast sin to answer for. It is from them that this •
pauper element gets its consent to exist. Charity — false-
ly so-called — covers a multitude of sins, and sends the
pauper out with the benediction, " be fruitful and mul-
tiply." Such charity has made this element, has brought
children to the birth, and insured them a life of misery ^ ^
cold, hunger, sickness. So-called charity joins public i
relief in producing still-born children, raising prosti- j
tutes, and educating criminals.

Some persons think it hard that we say to the public.
Give no relief to men or boys asking for food, to women
begging, to children with baskets, ill-clad, wasted, and
wan. " I can't resist the appeal of a child,'' they say,

Co you know what this means? It means the per-
petuation of this misery. It means eondenioiag to a
liie of hunger and want and exposure these children.

I

It means tbe education of the street, the after life (
vice and erinie. Two little boys sell flowers at tlu
doors of church and theatre. They ring bellsat night, ask^
ing to get warm. Seeraingiy kind people give thea
money. They arc children of parents who could, "
they would, earn enough to support them in comfort
Your kindness keeps them out in the cold. Your owi
children ure warm in bed. They ought to be, but youi
cruel kindneBS forces them out in the street. So yot
are to be made a party to this? You remember thi
story of Hugo's, "The Man Who Laughs," — the bo]
deformed for the sake of the profit it would be ?
with these children. They are kept in a life of j
shut in to misery by the alma of cruel-kind people
And this is why our Charity Organization Society askl
you not to give alms, but to give coun.sel, time, and pa-'
tience to rescue finch as these.

I Do any of these get out of the festering mass? O

this whole number, I know of but one who has escaped

I and is to-day an honorable man. I have tried again am

again to litt them, but tliey sink back. They are a da

I caying stock ; they can not longer live self-dependent
The children reappear with the old basket. The
begins the life of prostitution, and is soon seen '
her own illegitimate child. The young of the Saccnlia
at first have the Nauplius form common to their ordei
Then the fbrceof inherited parasitism conipels them t
fasten themselves to the~bermit crab. The free-sw '
ming legs and tlie disused organs disappear. So
ihave the same in the pau|)er. Self-help disappears.

'the organs and powers that belong to the free life dieap

ipear, and there are left only the tendency to parasitisi]

land the debasement of the reproductive tendency;

I These arc not tramps, as we know tramps, nor poor,

'! but paupers.

j What can we do ? First, we must close up officii
out-door relief. Second, we must check private and ii

j discriminate benevolence, or charity, tiilsely so-callei
Third, we must get hold of the children.

^ f

The Trik of Ishmael:

ACCOMPANYING PAPER READ BEFORE THE NATIONAL CONFER-
ENCE OF Charities at Buffalo, July 5-1 1, 1888,

By OSCAR C. McCULLOCH.

DIAGRAM PREPARED BY

Mrs. KATE F. PARKER,
JAMES F. WRIGHT,

from records IN THE OFFICE OF THE ChARITY ORGANIZATION

Society, Indianapolis.
I*ric^ JO cents.

II.;. I'll M' '

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*ffn fUbemoriam

Oscar C. McCulloch

Oriit MDCCCXCI

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EMORIAL SERVICES OF
OSCAR C. McCULLOCH

IN ENGLISH'S OPERA HOUSE,
INDIANAPOLIS, DECEMBER 20,
1891.

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ORDER OF EXERCISES.

Anthem— "Come Holy Spirit Heavenly Dove^'Wi/ZarJ

PlvVMOL'Til QUARTKTTE.

Prayer Rkv. J. A. RondThai^ER, D. D.

Introductory JrDGK W. A. Woods.

Historical Statement ... Mr. Hugh H. Hanna.

Violin Solo Adagio from I'irst Concerto, Afax Briuh
Mr. Richard Schtjkwen.

Address Hon. John L. Griffiths.

Anthem — " Rock of Ages " Warren

Pi,\TviouTH Quartette.

Benediction Rabbi Meyer Messing.

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''I am CO f fir (hat they may harr ///,' hi-'tr ahumlantlv.''

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T)LKSSED are the poor in spirit: for theirs
is the kingdom of heaven.

Blessed are they that mourn: for they
shall be comforted.

Blessed are the meek: for they shall
inherit the earth.

Blessed are they which do hunger and
thirst after righteousness: for they shall be
filled.

Blessed are the merciful: for they shall
obtain mercy.

Blessed are the pure in heart: for they
shall see God.

Blessed are the peace-makers: for they
shall be called the children of God.

Blessed are they which are persecuted
for righteousness' sake: for theirs is the
kingdom of heaven.

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" I s]K)ke ns T saw.

r report as man may of (tOcI's work — all's
love VL'I all's law.

Now I lay clown the jndLj^fshij) he lent me."

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" lie gives but little wlio givev^ but tears,
He gives his best who aids and cheers."

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lo make a hai)p}' fireside clime

To weans and wife,
riial's the true pathos niid suhliiiU'

Of human life."

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** He hath in souls like thine deposited

A quenchless flame as calm and stroHL; a>
dawn ;

Across the world thy potent fire is .shed,

Born of the 'khidly light' that leadelh on ' "

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''I ^o l(.) li^iit in ()i'»k-r iluii ».aci- ni.in
may cat in i>eaec of tlu- fruit of his labour:
to dry the Ittars of thr little t^liildrcu Avho
ask for bread; tliat all may have .1 (mxI in
lieaveu and all a eoiuilry u}>ori e.trili

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"Who never sold the truth to ser\'e the hour,
Nor paltered with Kternal God tor power ;
Whose life was work, whose language rife
With rugged maxims hewn from life :
Who never spoke against a foe."

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"() stroni;- soul, h}' wlial shore-

Tarriest tliou now?

Somewhere, surely, afar,

vStill thou iipraisest with zeal
The humble good.

This was thy life upon earth."

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"We have not lost him all;
The beauty of his better self lives on
In minds he touched with lire."

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" May I reach
That purest heaven, be to other soiils
The cup of strength in some great agony,
Enkindle generoUvS ardor, feed pure love,
Beget the smiles that have no cruelty —
Be the sweet presence of a good diffused,
And in diffusion ever more intense.
So shall I join the choir invisible
Whose music is the gladness of the world."

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'* Now til}' world is iitiderstood :
Now the long, long wonder ends :
While the man whom ye eall dead,
In unspoken bliss, instead,

Lives and loves von ;
Lives a life that never dies."

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** There entertaiu him all the saints above,
In solemn troops, and sweet societies,
That sing, and, singing, in their glorv' move,
And wipe the tears for ever from his eyes."

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•• •• •• •'

phases of Charity,

THE

Fifty-Fifth Anniversary

OF the:

ITnbianapolis Benevolent Society?,

AT ENGLISH'S OPERA HOUSE.

Suadaij livening, NoYein'oer ^9, 1891, at 7;30 o'olooE^

Moreover, I will go further and say that no spiritual army, however pure and powerful, no system,
or organization, however perfect, however well administered, can remove the canker from the social
life of a country, the citizens of which hope to contract by donations, however liberal, for its refonn.
It is by our justice to our employees, by our example to our friends, by our kindliness to our
neighbors, by our zeal in fulfilment of citizen duties, by our tender personal care of those who ain^-
fallen by the way, or who have strayed, by long years, in short, of noble, many-sided life that wi
can root out the evils around us. — Ociavia Hill.

••• MUJSIC. •••

By the Meridian Street M. E. Church Quartette,

Mrs. Anna L. Walker, Soprano. Morris S. Meck, Tenor.
Miss Sadie Walker, Alto. Oliver W. Isensee, Bass.

Chas. F. Hansen, Organist.

The Piano kindly furnished by D. H. Baldwin & Co.

iproGtamitie.

Part I.

flDnSiC— Quartette— " Far From My Heavenly Home " . . Tours.

prager rev. d. r. lucas, d. d.

futrobuctor^ Hon. Albert G. Porter;

'■ nee.*, by the inalincl oi uaturc, do love thtir hives, and birds their iiests."— 5™«iA/J

HbOreSS — " The ludiauapolis Benevolent Society."

Rev. M. L. Haines, D.

/IDUSiC— Quartette— " Consider and Hear Me " PJlueger.

-BbOress Mr. Samuel E. Morss.

■' Thus true chHiity, far from bidding us cense to give all
- . them when they win be haraifii] ; it bids hb pause, when pi

by aud by put the poor bcyoud tlieir need."— G/fi«fc(:fcr £™

7. t)pmu— " Who Is Thy Neighbor? "

Who Is tby udighbor? He whom Ihou

Hast power 10 Bid or bless;

Whnae aching htart or burulug brow

Thy soothing hand may press.

Thy neighbor ? "Tia the faiutinK poor

Oh, enter thou his humble door.

With aid and peace far him!

Thy neighbor? He who drinks the cup

With words of high, sustaining hope,

Go thou and comfort him.

Thy neighbor? Pasajno mourner by ■

Perhaps thou canst redeem

A breBkioB heart ftom mlaerj ;

Go share thy lot vrith Tiim.

—Ifilliavi R. O. Prabiidr.

T-

-

Part II.

» H^^reSS — "Financial Methods '* Mr. W. P. Fishback.

" Not what we give, but what we share, —
For the gift without the giver is bare ;
Who gives himself with his alms feeds three, —
Himself, his hungry neighbor, and me."

—J. R. Lowell.

» HJ)J)reSB— " The Work Test in Charity "... Rev. H. H. Hart,

" Oh ! better wrong and strife, •

Better vain deeds or evil than such life ;
The silent Heavens have goings-on ;

The stars have tasks — but these have none." — Wordsworth.

. H^^ress Rbv. Myron w. rkbd.

" One who never turned his back, but marched breast forward, M
Never doubted clouds would break, ^

Never dreamed, though right were worsted, wrong would triumph ;
Held we fall to rise, are baffled to fight better, sleep to wake."

" The town's true Master, if the town but knew ! "
♦ ««»:•••**

" This man walked about and took account
Of all thought, said and acted, then went home,
And wrote it fully to our I,ord the King." — Browning.

♦ Ibgmn— " Dear Ties That Bind."

(tune — DUKE STREET.)

Dear ties of mutual succor bind

The children of our feeble race ;
And, if our brethren were not kind,

This earth were but a weary place.

We lean on others as we walk

Ivife's twilight path with pitfalls strewn,
And 'twere an idle boast to talk

Of treading that dim path alone.

Amid the snares misfortune lays,

Unseen, beneath the steps of all,
Blest is the love that seeks to raise

And stay and strengthen those who fall ;

Till, taught by Him who, for our sake,

Bore every form of life's distress,
With every passing.year we make

The sum of human sorrow less.

— William Cullen Bryant.

THERE are two tenden
present time. The one
lative and philanthropi(
whole classes of the population,
associated action, and endeavou
"'lelligence, and self- guidance of
untary means, and by a great v
— , fluences. The one would wish

living on a floating island and
"■ ~ ' state. The other would work

. social past, and would build out
to hand the better structures v
The one would impose a genera
would trust rather to that self
teaches and charity inspires. 1
"N the other on organization.— C. 5

* \i'x \

I

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